In modern relational databases, Cardinality Estimation (CE) techniques are crucial for optimizing query execution plans, directly affecting query efficiency and database performance. Traditional cardinality estimation methods are based on simplified assumptions and often perform poorly on complex query predictions, whereas learning-based CE models can provide more accurate predictions but face challenges such as long training times, requirement of large amounts of data, and lack of systematic evaluation. To address this challenge, the Google research team has launched the CardBench benchmarking framework, integrating over 20 real-world databases and thousands of queries.
